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During somite maturation, the ventral half of the epithelial somite disintegrates into the mesenchymal sclerotome, whereas the dorsal half forms a transitory epithelial sheet, the dermomyotome, lying in between the sclerotome and the surface ectoderm. The dermomyotome is the source of the majority of the mesodermal tissues in the body, giving rise to cell types as different as muscle, connective tissue,...
Vertebrates have a metameric bodyplan that is based on the presence of paired somites. Somites develop from the segmental plate in a cranio-caudal sequence. At the same time, new material is added from Hensen’s node, the primitive streak and the tail bud. In this way, the material residing in the segmental plate remains constant and comprises 12 prospective somites on each side. Prospective segment...
The repeated appearance of somites is one of the most fascinating aspects of vertebrate embryogenesis. Recent studies identified complex regulatory circuits that provide the molecular basis for the “clock and wave front” model, postulated almost 30 years ago by Cooke and Zeeman. The highly coordinated process of somite formation involves several networks of molecular cascades including the Delta/Notch,...
Somites are regular repeated structures formed in pairs on either side of the anterior-posterior axis of developing vertebrate embryos which give rise to all skeletal muscle of the body, the axial skeleton, the tendons and the dorsal dermis. Beginning in the middle of last century, somite formation has been extensively studied in the South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) using traditional embryological...
Somitogenesis is a term that encompasses somite formation, patterning and differentiation and it is a process that is fundamental to the formation of the axial skeleton in vertebrates. Notch signalling is a mechanism used to specify cell fate in many different contexts, with signalling occurring between cells in contact. Notch signalling is fundamental to the formation and patterning of somites and...
Elaborate somite patterning is based on the dynamic gene regulation within the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) derived from the primitive streak and tailbud in the later stage embryo. Notch signaling and the regulators are major players involved in the all events required for the temporally and spatially coordinated somite formation. PSM can be subdivided at least two domains based on the regulation and...
The most obvious manifestation of the existence of a segmented, or metameric, body plan in vertebrate embryos is seen during the formation of the somites. Somites are transient embryonic structures formed in a progressive manner from a nonsegmented mesoderm in a highly regulated process called somitogenesis. As development proceeds different compartments are formed within each somite and these progressively...
The mouse was one of the first model organisms used in genetic analysis, beginning in 1902 with the studies of inheritance carried out by William E. Castle, Director of the Bussey Institute at Harvard1. The first mutations identified derived from mouse fanciers, who primarily selected coat color variants or neurobehavioral triats. However, disruptions affecting the axial skeleton were also reported...
In recent years molecular genetics has revolutionized the study of somitogenesis in developmental biology and advances that have taken place in animal models have been applied successfully to human disease. Abnormal segmentation in man is a relatively common birth defect and advances in understanding have come through the study of cases clustered in families using DNA linkage analysis and candidate...
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